TOEFLライティングの解答例を見てみましょう。
TOEFLはライティングでもリーディング・リスニングとの統合問題が出題されます。
【新形式】TOEFL ライティングの概要
今回大幅に変わった【新形式】TOEFL ライティングセクションの概要を確認しておきましょう。
【新形式】TOEFLのライティング問題は2つの質問で構成されており、試験時間は合計30分（Integrated Taskは20分、Academic Discussion Taskは20分）です。
Integrated taskとは、リーディング・リスニングとの統合問題です。
新形式で導入されるAcademic Discussion Taskは、2人の生徒の意見を元に自分の意見を述べ、賛成点と反対点を論じる、リーディングとライティング力が要求される問題です。
コンピューターによるテストなので、タイピングが苦手な人はタイピングの練習もしておきましょう。
TOEFLの他のセクションや、詳しい概要はこちらの記事をご覧ください。TOEFL ライティングテストの対策法はこちら。
【新形式】TOEFL ライティング 解答例
それでは、トーフルのモデルアンサーをサンプル問題と共に確認しましょう。
トーフルの特徴は、ライティング問題でもリスニング・リーディング力が重要になる点、指定されている語数よりも多く書くことです。最初の一回目の採点はレーターというAIが行うため、多くの関連した語彙を使うことが有利に働くと言われています。
Integrated task (統合問題)
TOEFL ライティングのパート1では、アカデミックなトピックについての文章を読んだ後、同じ話題についての講義を聞いて、ポイントと関連性をまとめます。どちらもメモを取る必要がありますが、特にリスニングの内容は詳しくメモを取っておきましょう。ライティングは、イントロ・メイン1・メイン2・メイン3・結論の5段落構成で書きます。
制限時間は20分で、文字数は 150～225 words と指定されていますが、TOEFLのライティングは多く書く方が有利なので、250 words を目指します。
実際の問題と高得点の解答例を見て、TOEFLで高得点をとるための形を覚えましょう。
Integrated task 問題例
【リーディング】
Reading Time: 3 minutes
The sea otter is a small mammal that lives in waters along the western coast of North America from California to Alaska. When some sea otter populations off the Alaskan coast started rapidly declining a few years ago, it caused much concern because sea otters play an important ecological role in the coastal ecosystem. Experts started investigating the cause of the decline and quickly realized that there were two possible explanations: environmental pollution or attacks by predators. Initially, the pollution hypothesis seemed the more likely of the two.
The first reason why pollution seemed the more likely cause was that there were known sources of it along the Alaskan coast, such as oil rigs and other sources of industrial chemical pollution. Water samples from the area revealed increased levels of chemicals that could decrease the otters’ resistance to life threatening infections and thus could indirectly cause their deaths.
Second, other sea mammals such as seals and sea lions along the Alaskan coast were also declining, indicating that whatever had endangered the otters was affecting other sea mammals as well. This fact again pointed to environmental pollution, since it usually affects the entire ecosystem rather than a single species. Only widely occurring predators, such as the orca (a large predatory whale), could have the same effect, but orcas prefer to hunt much larger prey, such as other whales.
Third, scientists believed that the pollution hypothesis could also explain the uneven pattern of otter decline: at some Alaskan locations the otter populations declined greatly, while at others they remained stable. Some experts explained these observations by suggesting that ocean currents or other environmental factors may have created uneven concentrations of pollutants along the coast.
【リスニング】
【問題】
Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they respond to the specific points made in the reading passage.
Integrated task 解答例
The reading and the lecture are both about theories of the rapid decline in sea otter populations. Whereas the author of the reading states that pollution was the major cause of the decline in sea otter populations, the lecturer suggests that predation is the most likely factor contributing to the reduction in the number of the sea otters. The lecturer casts doubts on the main points made in the reading by providing three reasons.
First of all, according to the reading, the increased levels of pollutants taken from water samples provide evidence for the pollution theory. However, the lecturer disputes this point. He says that if the sea otters had been killed by pollutants in water, they would have been found on shores. Furthermore, he mentions that the absence of dead sea otters on shores indicates that sea otters were killed and eaten by predators.
Secondly, the reading states that aside from sea otters other small sea animals also decreased in population due to pollution. This finding indicates that the pollution is the reason why sea otters are in rapid decline. Nevertheless, the lecturer refutes this argument. He argues that because the whale population decreased, the orcas in the area had to eat otters instead of whales. As a result, the otter population diminished.
Finally, the reading claims that environmental factors, which lead to different levels of pollutant concentration, perfectly explain the uneven pattern of the diminishing sea otter populations. On the other hand, the lecturer believes that the uneven pattern of declining sea otter populations corresponds to the prevalence of orcas in different areas. He thinks that the otter population reduces in places with orcas and there was not a big decrease in otters in places where orcas could not access.
In conclusion, although the reading and the lecture are both about hypotheses of the diminishing sea otter populations, the three main points made in the reading are effectively challenged by the lecturer.
Academic Discussion task
10分間という制約の中で、あるトピックに対して2-3人の生徒の意見をもとに、教授の質問に答える必要があります。先に読んだ2-3人の生徒の意見のどちらに自分が立つのかを選び、その理由を1～2つほど簡潔に述べて100文字以上、150字くらいで記述します。高得点を獲得するには、2人の生徒のどちらかの意見に賛成して、それを補足、発展、そしてもう1人の賛成していない側の意見も認めた上で何が問題なのかを述べると良いでしょう。
実際の問題と解答例です。このような段落構成にすることで高得点が狙えるでしょう。
Academic Discussion Task 問題例
Academic Discussion task 解答例
I strongly agree with Susan’s idea that our lives will be unpleasant if we focus entirely on economic growth. I would add that if the environment is damaged by industrial development, we will be more likely to suffer from ailments like cancer and lung disease. Ales raised the relevant point that we can count on profitable companies to solve problems using new technology, but he didn’t motion that they might arrive far too late to be of use. For example, it could take decades for an innovative company to create a clean energy source, but people are affected by environmental catastrophes right now. Overall, then I would say that companies and governments should prioritize the environment at this time.
【新形式】TOEFL ライティングの解答例 ポイントまとめ
【新形式】TOEFLのライティングの解答例を紹介しました。ライティングはリーディング・リスニングの統合問題があり、限られた時間で多くの語数を書かなければならないため、時間を有効活用するため、段落の構成を暗記し、便利なフレーズは覚えておきましょう。
また、ライティングは自分で書くだけでなく、TOEFLを熟知した講師に添削してもらうのが一番です。添削してもらうことで自分で気づかない文法間違いや、さまざまな言い換え表現を覚えることもができます。また、書くことに慣れることで時間内に書くことができるようになります。
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